Is Richard III a hero or a villain Essay Example

Is Richard III a legend or a scalawag Paper The play would presumably not be a dark satire for this situation. In any case, all things considered, Richmond is nearly depicted as a scoundrel because of the way that the crowd has not gotten an opportunity to assemble a relationship with him, so doesn't have any acquaintance with him, he brings the defeat of the male lead, the crowds companion. In numerous accounts plays, the world might be tranquil, without any issues at all; until the lowlife begins causing disarray. In these accounts the individuals are glad, however there is one desirous harsh lowlife who is resolved to ruin their good times. Richard consummately possesses all the necessary qualities of this miscreant. We will compose a custom exposition test on Is Richard III a saint or a scalawag explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Is Richard III a saint or a scalawag explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Is Richard III a saint or a scalawag explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In addition to the fact that he is mad desirous, yet as opposed to segregating himself from society, he decides to ruin everybody elses lives I that am impolitely stepped need adores magnificence since I can't demonstrate a darling I am resolved to demonstrate a reprobate and despise the inactive joys of nowadays (lines 16-31, act 1 scene 1). This language shows his desire need cherishes grandness, his profound disdain discourteously stepped, how as opposed to living letting live, he is resolved to ruin the lives of others have fun in the process since I can't demonstrate a darling I am resolved to demonstrate a miscreant, indicating how he is malicious, unquestionably a disgusting quality. I think it is significant that he utilizes the word decided, demonstrating it is his actual goal, all the more critically, this language shows his activities were not off the cuff, however pre-ruminated, carefully conceived. I realize it is neither here nor there yet Ian Mckellen gave this impact on screen-astute, not crazy, thinking plainly, indicating his actual plan. This is the manner in which I see Richard, these characteristics are wretched. In his arguing ( curving) discussion with Anne, Richard shows he is manipulative brassy. He says to her Your excellence was the reason for that impact; your magnificence: which haunted me in my rest he has the boldness to turn his deplorable wrongdoings around on her, when a genuine saint would show regret, be arguing for pardoning, having come clean. This language is manipulative in light of the fact that in addition to the fact that he blames the wrongdoings on her your excellence this is likewise a colossal commendation, and along these lines a development on Anne, accomplishing one of his points. He even challenges her blustering, when a genuine saint would be genuine Lo, here I loan thee with this sharp pointed blade. He is stating Here, execute me, on the off chance that you dont love me. Richard realizes she isn't relentless enough to perpetrate the wrongdoing, and realizes that she cherishes him, and increases proof of this through his challenging her false front. I dont think this challenging her false front is especially disgusting. It positively demonstrates him to be savvy, as it shows he can peruse her feelings, yet I figure it shows a specific measure of hazard, and in this way fortitude, on his part. There is each opportunity in the adrenaline of the scene that she could cut him, and his arrangement would have fizzled. In any case, he has the fortitude to face challenges, which could be seen as a brave or wretched quality. Be that as it may, the fundamental property he appears in this discussion is his control, which definitely is detestable. Richard is a war legend. He battled for his home in the war of the roses, and would not give up his realm daintily to Richmond, despite the fact that he was in the long run slaughtered by him. This mental fortitude is a courageous quality, however maybe a basic quality in a commendable scoundrel. The boldness for this situation could end up being of a commendable scalawag, instead of a valiant legend. A significant factor, I feel, is the perspective on Niccolo Machiavelli, whose book of 1513, The Prince met a lot of debate. It expressed that a perfect ruler ought to be savage controlling instead of strict and good. Richard unquestionably possesses all the necessary qualities of Machiavellis perfect ruler. So does that make him a legend? Maybe it does, yet maybe Machiavelli recognized that a decent ruler shouldnt be a saint, however a despot. It appears to be likely that Shakespeare will have put together his play with respect to Machiavellis work, therefore making Richard appropriate for the job of a perfect ruler in Machiavellis terms. Since this is most likely the case, this would mean something negative for Richard being a legend, since Im sure Machiavelli would not express that the perfect ruler is a saint. Throughout the play, maybe the primary motivation behind why Richard is a scalawag, he is straightforwardly liable for the passings of numerous individuals. He even deceived his sibling Clarence into having his certainty, at that point having him detained then executed. This time, he didnt even have the fortitude to concede what he was doing. He made him vulnerable, by securing him in the Tower of London, and afterward had him slaughtered; at the same time persuading Richard was his dearest companion. He was additionally answerable for masterminding the killings of: King Henry VI, Prince Edward, Rivers, Gray, Vaughn, Hastings, Lady Anne; in spite of the fact that there was no proof of this Richard suggests it Rumor it abroad That Anne, my better half, is deplorable wiped out Anne, during this season of the play is his significant other. This language Im sure is conveyed in an extremely baldfaced style, with snide accentuation on the word very. It shows how he is too sluggish to even think about evening bid farewell to his significant other before he has her executed, she is no more use to him, only a deterrent in his way, accordingly one that must be evacuated. This shows his decided merciless side again. He is set up to have his better half killed at the drop of an eyelid, in one speedy solicitation, no perspiration, no second thoughts. Im sure he doesn't respite to think as he conveys this solicitation, demonstrating it doesn't take him long to choose different people groups destinies, he is merciless, unequivocal, with no regret. It is only another individual he has slaughtered. Maybe above all, he has Buckingham killed. Up until Richard discloses to Buckingham he intends to kill Edward (a kid) Buckingham had been his counselor, sly accomplice, yet when he got some answers concerning this plot, Richard suspected him, outsider him, in the end had him murdered. After Buckingham addressed Richards plot, Richard reacts with a cool High coming to Buckingham develops watchful which is stating You need the influence yet this is an issue for you? Richard questions Buckinghams masculinity starting here on speculates him up until he executes him. This is maybe a fundamental factor in whether Richard is a saint or a miscreant. Since he is so careless, heartless manipulating to execute the individual who did a great deal of work in getting him where he is, it could order him as a genuine scalawag. Be that as it may, Buckingham could have been seen by the crowd as a guileful, ravenous character who had no relationship with the crowd, so merited his demise for being eager, yet not totally courageous. The crowd may take Buckinghams murder as an indication of Richards savagery, or slight brassiness, so doesn't order him as a through and through saint or lowlife in itself. Generally speaking, my own decision is that Richard III is a scoundrel. His malevolent activities contemptible character add to his being a lowlife. His audacious wickedness his determined double-crossing can't in any way, shape or form group him as a legend. In all actuality, he can be a charming character to the crowd, yet Elizabethan crowds would have viewed his disfigurement as a revile, would have criticized him for this. I trust Shakespeare composed the character of Richard as a scoundrel, somebody who the crowd hate to cherish, it depicts the Tudors as the legitimate beneficiaries to the seat.

Agility and ability of ITC Ltd to adapt to its external environment

Readiness and capacity of ITC Ltd to adjust to its outside condition In this specific examinations of ITC Limited we are going to view the spryness and capacity of its development and how it has been maintainable over a more drawn out timeframe. ITC restricted, is a multi-business portfolio headquartered in Kolkata, India by Yogesh Chander Deveshwar. It is a multi year old organization. It centers around all round worth creation to fabricate a solid corporate administration strategies and frameworks. It extended its business in the next years: Presently ITC Limited is absolutely a free Company In August 24, 1910 it was fused by Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited and imparted family line to Imperial Tobacco. In 1970 it was changed to India Tobacco Company Limited from Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited. Later in 1974 it was changed to I.T.C Limited. In 1985, it presented Surya Tobacco Company in Nepal which was renamed ‘Surya Nepal Private Limited’ in August 2002. In 1972, ITC went into Hotels business. ITC chief chain of lav ish lodgings is known as ITC Welcome gathering. In 1975, it presented its inn business in Chennai named ‘Hotel Sheraton’. It has gone into inn business to have benefit to have the visitors over the world .It was initial one to present brand food in the Hotel Industry. Its eateries, for example, Dakshin, DumPukht and Bukhara are known worldwide for its favorable Indian foods from the different segments of the country.One motivation behind why ITC went into lodgings since it was a British organization and in Indian culture pattern of Tobacco was looked downward on around then. With upgrade of visitor foundation in Hotel business it gains high remote cash which helped organization to administer a decent brand picture and added a significant add up to Indian Economy. It incredible foundation of Tourism and huge size of immediate and circuitous work has increased the value of the country. It 1979, it presented its paperboards business named ‘ITC Bhadrachalam Paperboard s Limited’ which was on November, 2002 converged with Tribeni Tissues Limited (which was presented in 1990 and was the significant tissue paper provider). It was the primary provider in bundling, in this manner it has high worth included situation in advertise. In 1990 it entered with its Agri-business for the fare of agri-products. Today it is probably the biggest exporter industry .Throughout its farming regions in India it has built up a system in plan of action focuses of Internet associated Kiosks, known as e-Choupal. In 2000, it Introduced Lifestyle Retailing business under brand name ‘Wills’ with extraordinary International nature of loosened up sports wear for the two people. In 2002, it extended its range including Wills Classic Formal Wear and explicit section of men’s wear brand, ‘John Players’. In 2003, with wills Club-life evening wear. In 2004, government put estoppel on Tobacco publicizing which constrained ITC not to relate â⠂¬Å"Wills† by the brand name of Cigarettes any longer, to spare it from being charged for it promoting. In 2000, it likewise accompanied its possessed auxiliary business of Information Technology named, ‘ITC Infotech India Limited’. It has accessibility of high labor quality. In August, 2001, ITC went into Food Industry with bundled and marked food business of prepared to-cook eatables with the brand name â€Å"Kol† with a top notch value run. First and foremost it followed the system that it will exchange at the spots where there are less number of rivalry to constructed its image picture. Alongside the food business, it has likewise propelled another brand named, ‘Kitchens of India’. In that period there was an extraordinary interest for prepared food in view of increment in discretionary cashflow and urbanization brought about development openings. One of the motivation behind why ITC went into Food Industry in light of the fact that in 2001 -02 the extract obligation on financial plan on prepared leafy foods has been brought down from 16% to zero level .Later in june,2002 , to create more incomes it propelled items like staples, bites and sweet shop.

Essay --

Scott Derrickson’s Sinister is a famous film which is notable by the general population. It is famous for its incredibly appalling storyline. While not exclusively being a blood and gore movie, this film has a place with the class of spine chiller as well. This film is upsetting, as it is filled to the edge with surprising killings, and furthermore not overlooking the extraordinary components inserted in it. The chief, Scott Derrickson, who is outstanding for coordinating numerous famous blood and gore movies, composed this screenplay with the virtuoso idea of utilizing a â€Å"found footage† that he is certain will trigger the audiences’ interest. Derrickson has a great range of abilities for ghastliness. He cherishes raising the kind past the standard. The motivation for Derrickson to film this film happened when he had a bad dream about going up into his storage room and finding a container of Super 8 movies about appalling murders. He had been noodling around with a story dependent on that from that point onward. The subject of this film is a sudden one as nobody would have predicted something so genuine to occur out of something so little. The fundamental character, Ellison Ostwalt, played by Ethan Hawke, transfers the topic truly well in the film. He is eaten up by his drive and assurance to come back to his proficient magnificence that he accidentally put himself and his friends and family in harm's way. Derrickson utilizes childishness as the subject to remind the crowd how this demeanor can prompt disagreeable outcomes. Ellison Ostwalt’s childishness in the film â€Å"Sinister† brought upon disaster to his family in different manners. Ellison Ostwalt, a genuine wrongdoing author, is on his last exhaust of acclaim after his top rated book, â€Å"Kentucky Blood†. He is worn out on not having as much notoriety. In that capacity, he is resolved ... ... has accurately inferred the subject in this film. This film instructs us to not be so egotistical yet to demonstrate an all the more mindful disposition to the individuals encompassing us. Obviously, it is imperative to consistently have the activity to ad lib what's more, improve in whatever we are doing and for this situation, our profession, however just to a limited degree. Trustworthiness is likewise significant as genuineness and trust are one of the numerous crucial standards in keeping up an adoring and caring family. As is commonly said, trustworthiness is the best arrangement. For example, Ellison deceived his significant other and concealed the data about the spooky house from his family. This activity has made numerous results every one of them. Along these lines, being straightforward is fundamental as well. Vile has passed on the subject as a message to the crowd of how significant is it to not be so unsure and to remain grounded and unselfish.

Analysis Of A Passage From Oedipus Rex English Literature Essay free essay sample

Oedipus, the male ruler, is looking to distinguish his start. At the point when Oedipus was a child, he was forecasted over. The crowd hears the anticipation that he will one twenty-four hours kill his male parent and get hitched his female parent. Oedipus does non cognize this and first accepts that he is the kid of Polybus. Reality of King Oedipus starting is uncovered in the fourth scene of the dramatization Oedipus Rex. Oedipus has simply required the shepherd. Oedipus finds from the dispatch, who is available, that only the shepherd knows reality with regards to his introduction to the world. The shepherd was called to identify reality of where Oedipus originated from. The messenger came to town to illuminate Oedipus that the grown-up male he called his male parent was dead and he was called to be the male ruler of Corinth. He found that he was non his male parent s kid and that he was embraced after the dispatch gave him as an angel to Polybos on the grounds that the messenger felt compassion that the male ruler could non hold kids. We will compose a custom article test on Examination Of A Passage From Oedipus Rex English Literature Essay or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The messenger disclosed to Oedipus that a shepherd gave him the darling and he did non cognize the genuine start of the child. Sophocles utilizes word picture, an intention of recognition, and sensational mockery to show the idea that one will bring through his destiny with or without unrestrained choice. Oedipus, and the shepherd are portrayed in this scene as non holding any freewill and reluctant playing a capacity in convey throughing one s destiny. Oedipus is preeminent seen as an extremely theoretical requesting character. He utilizes an extremely strong tone when addressing the messenger expressing, state me first, you from Corinth: is this the shepherd we were talking? He is depicted as extremely forceful and sure of what he needs to cognize. This is appeared by the rehash of the words state me when Oedipus asks another request. Oedipus keeps on oppugning the shepherd. As the scene advances he is delineated as increasingly antagonistic. He undermines the shepherd by expressing he will expire now except if [ he ] talk [ s ] reality. This describes Oedipus as extremely irate. This shows the insufficiency of the shepherd s unrestrained choice. The shepherd does non hold a pick to talk or non in such a case that he stays soundless, expire is his impact. Word picture is utilized in Oedipus Rex to picture the characters want to reveal reality. Time is utilized as a strategy to uncover reality. The messenger utilizes clasp and Numberss to survey [ the shepherd s ] memory. He inside informations the three entire seasonsaë†â ¦ March to September, on Kithairon or there abouts. The messenger says that the shepherd must recover. This demonstrates the dispatches want for reality to be revealled is only a solid as Oedipus . The shepherd relizes that Oedipus was a similar child he provided for the dispatch, and he does non want to answer further requests expressing that the messenger is only doing issue. The Shepherd is the first to perceive that the forecast has taken topographic point. The shepherd is portrayed as non holding any through and through freedom. He accidentally permits the prediction to take topographic point. The shepherd is portrayed as wary and frightful of his life. From the start he is constrained of why he has been called to address the male ruler. He answers to Oedipus requests with direct answers, until he is inquired as to whether he recover [ erectile brokenness ] ever observing [ the messenger ] out at that place, referencing to Kithairon. He answers to this with a request, what might he make at that place? Subsequent to being asked again, the shepherd denies cognizing the grown-up male. At the point when he finds that he does in reality know the dispatch from the days gone by he become guarded in his answers to Oedipus requests. The shepherd understands that he played a capacity in the satisfaction of the guess when the messenger says that King Oedipus was one time that little child that he had given the dispatch to ascend. The shepherd did non cognize that by rescuing the child life, the child would go up to kill his male parent. The shepherd started to atone his assurance when he says that he would to God [ he ] had passed on that extremely twenty-four hours. This implies he wishes that he could adjust the days gone by and non be a part of convey throughing Oedipus destiny. As a component of Greek play, Sophocles sets his dramatization to take topographic point in a brief time of clasp. Flashbacks are incorporated to give the crowd a past filled with what occurred and have the option to remain inside a short clasp length. These flashbacks make a thought process of recognition in the dramatization to show the reluctant bit that the shepherd and dispatch had in the guess s satisfaction. The principal recognition happens when the messenger attempts to audit [ the shepherd s ] memory by expressing an account of when the two burned through three entire seasons together. This flashback takes into consideration the crowd to comprehend the history shared between the messenger and the shepherd. The shepherd offering Oedipus to the dispatch as a child was a segment of the entirety of their destinies. As the darling Oedipus was forecasted over and given the predetermination of executing his male parent and get marrieding his female parent. To prevent this Jocasta gave the juvenile child to the shepherd to go forward for perish on a mountain. With an end goal to rescue an actual existence, he gives the child to the messenger to mind after him. The messenger, so holding understanding for the male ruler of Corinth, gives the child to him. Sensational Irony is utilized to picture the subject of convey throughing one s destiny and the nonattendance of choice. Emotional mockery is made by the crowd realizing that Oedipus is hitched to his female parent. The revelation takes topographic moment that the shepherd educates Oedipus that he gave the child to the dispatch, and in certainty Oedipus was of the place of LaA?os. The male ruler ceaselessly asks requests to the shepherd so as to reveal reality. The Choragos discloses to Oedipus that he cognize [ s ] him, he was LaA?os grown-up male. You can swear him. This is the main indicant in this change in all actuality what Oedipus is after. Oedipus asks the messenger is this the shepherd [ that they ] were talking? what's more, the messenger answers this is he extremely grown-up male. Oedipus starts to oppugn him to divulge the realities that the shepherd is hiding. From the outset the shepherd is incognizant that Oedipus is a similar child that he had given to the messenger m ature ages back. At the point when he finds that King Oedipus was one time that little child, he changes his tone from being useful to detering. He does non want to answer additional requests and says that in the event that he talk [ s ] reality, [ he is ] more awful than dead. This strategy of keeping the divulgence causes the crowd to turn out to be progressively engaged with the show. The emotional mockery powers the crowd to feel for the characters since they realize that the characters are incognizant of the disaster that has happened. The characters are constantly looking for reality which only prompts the divulgence that they neer had unrestrained choice. They understand that they couldn't escape their destiny. They all accidentally foreordained show out. Jocasta, in exertion to end the visualization, gave the child to the shepherd to go forward him for perish. The shepherd trying to rescue the child s life gives the dispatch the child to raise. The dispatch cognizing about the visualization takes the child far away from Thebes to be raised by King Polybos. At that point Oedipus leaves Corinth just to murder his introduction to the world male parent at the go across streets. He accidentally returns to Thebes during an emergency and recoveries the town winning his female parent for a wedded lady as an honor. None of the characters realized that they needed through and through freedom or that they had a bit in the anticipation. Through the utilization of emotional mockery, a thought process of recognition, and word picture, reality in the lack of unrestrained choice is found.

Single Displacement or Substitution Reaction

Single Displacement or Substitution Reaction A solitary uprooting response or replacement response is a typical and significant sort of synthetic response. A replacement or single uprooting response is portrayed by one component being dislodged from a compound by another element.A BC â†' AC B A solitary uprooting response is a particular sort of oxidation-decrease response. A component or particle is supplanted by another in a compound. Single Displacement Reaction Examples A case of a replacement response happens when zinc consolidates with hydrochloric corrosive. The zinc replaces the hydrogen:Zn 2 HCl â†' ZnCl2 H2 Here is another case of a solitary uprooting response: 3 AgNO3 (aq) Al (s) â†' Al(NO3)3 (aq) 3 Ag (s) The most effective method to Recognize a Substitution Reaction You can perceive this sort of response by searching for an exchange between one cation or anion in a compound with an unadulterated substance in the reactants side of the condition, framing another compound in the items side of the response. Assuming, nonetheless, two mixes seem to exchange accomplices, at that point youre taking a gander at a twofold removal response as opposed to a solitary uprooting.

Strategic Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Key Management - Assignment Example Many research researchers despite everything contend over making apt meaning of key administration. Different research researchers like Michael Porter, Philip Kotler, John Kotter, VA Zeithaml and numerous others effectively attempted to make a hypothetical system of the idea yet at the same time their structures neglected to make an all inclusive hypothesis of key administration presumably because of multidimensionality of the idea. Associations utilize key activities as per culture, initiative style, recurrence of emergency and business destinations. Dim (1) has bifurcated key arranging from key administration and depicted two viewpoints in the accompanying way. ... Meyer (3) outlined vital administration as procedure that assists top with leveling the board of the organization to comprehend business targets, future danger and openings; distinguishing reasonable methodology to manage these issues and assuming responsibility for outer factors; making bearing to achieve key goal of the association. Nutt and Backoff (4) have adjusted the idea of Meyer. As per them vital administration really joins short and long haul arranging of the association so as to accomplish hierarchical destinations like expanding benefit, expanding authority over existing item portfolio, accomplishing high development rate, growing numerous business in remote market, making market section obstruction for contenders by expanding competency level (Tyndall, Cameron and Taggart, 1990, p. 9). Key administration is a multidimensional idea and the examination can't cover all the parts of key administration. The investigation will concentrate on a specific idea of key administrati on so as to make an apt portrayal of task subject. This report will break down Michael Porter’s conventional serious techniques from the view purpose of hypothetical idea and genuine application so as to comprehend usefulness of the idea. 3.0 Michael Porter’s Generic Competitive Strategies In 1980, Michael Porter built up the essential key model for organizations so as to accomplish upper hand over contenders. He changed the idea into increasingly limited model in 1985. Principle plan of the model is to assist associations with creating an economical and difficult to duplicate methodology with which they can accomplish upper hand over enemies as well as can assemble a maintainable

The Life and Literature of Willa Cather Essay -- Authors

â€Å"The incredible characters in writing are conceived out of affection, regularly out of some delightful experience of the writer† (Brown 1). Various authors draw quite a bit of their motivation for composing from stories they hear, places they have lived and visited, their adolescence, and individuals they know and know about in their lives. Willa Cather is no special case. The setting and places in Cather’s books are gotten from her movements, and where she lived. Cather’s most punctual educational encounters were additionally incorporated into her composition. The characters in Cather’s books depend on individuals in and around her life. Willa Cather’s excursions, and living arrangements; adolescence, and the individuals around her penetrate in her books The Professor’s House, and A Lost Lady. The primary area where Cather made her landscape after was her old neighborhood of Red Cloud, Nebraska. Willa Cather was conceived in Back Creek Valley, Virginia; she and her family moved to Nebraska four years after the fact. Inside A Lost Lady, the home of Captain Daniel Forrester, and spouse Marian is depicted by the storyteller as â€Å"[standing] on a low round hill†, and â€Å"[standing] near a fine cottonwood forest that tossed protecting arms to left and right†. Cather paints a pleasant perspective on the chateau having a place with then senator Silas and Lyra Garber, his better half. Sweet Water, the town wherein A Lost Lady happens intently takes after Red Cloud. In examination, Susan Rosowski, famous Cather researcher portrays the home of the Garber’s having â€Å"a cottonwood forest, the shade of the quickly developing trees made the spot a most loved for picnics and other parties for the individuals in the town, including youthful Willa Cather† (Rosowski and Ronning 194). The Forrester’s house chose to fuse in A Lost Lady was, most likely a position of comfort a... ... Woman, Willa Cather Scholarly Edition. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. 190-201. Print. Skaggs, Merrill Maguire. After the World Broke in Two: The Later Novels of Willa Cather. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990. Print. The Professor's House. Cyclopedia Of Literary Characters, Revised Third Edition. 1998. 1-2. Abstract Resource Center. Web. 26 April 2012. Van Ghent, Dorothy. Willa Cather. Willa Cather: Modern Critical Views. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. 71-73. Print. Wilson, Anna. Accepted Relations: Willa Cather, America, and The Professor's House. Texas Studies in Literature and Language (2005): 61-74. Writing Reference Center. Web. Woodress, James. Willa Cather: A Literary Life. College of Nebraska Press, 1987. Print. â€. Willa Cather: Her Life and Art. New York: Pegasus, 1970. Print.

Essay Sample about Crime Prevention

Essay Sample about Crime Prevention Essay on Crime Prevention Oct 28, 2019 in Law Introduction Fighting the crime, many citizens do not realize that the crime is in their own selves. It means that to change the situation with the crime, they have to change the ways they think and see the world. Adults are to pay attention to children, teenagers and young people in order to keep them interested in the family matters rather than street matters. However, the most important key factor is the young peoples treatment. Treating someone who made a mistake as a criminal for the rest of their lives and transferring young adults to adult correction facilities and rehabilitation centers is a grave mistake for the society and an ineffective means for the whole incarceration system. Analyzing the issue of crime prevention, it is vital to point out that preventing crime at the earliest stages of its development is much better than dealing with the causes of untreated crime later in life. Teenagers, troubled youth, and children who do not get enough love in the first 10 years of their lives pretty soon become criminals. Despite the fact that teachers in elementary, middle, and high schools do their job concerning raising these children, it plays little or no role at all. Children spend most of their time at home, which means that ninety percent of their time is spent with these childrens parents, acquaintances and relatives. In this way, it is impossible for high school teachers to keep these children away from all kinds of dangers and situations where they can get into troubles. This is where the issue comes into play. Building ones character at the earliest stages is more important than dealing with the psychological issues and consequences of the wrong treatmen t later. Chat now Order now Troubled youth often starts their criminal career early in high school. Many students start it with trying drugs, coming late to school, missing it at all and behaving rudely and socially unacceptable. Even Friday detentions, staying at school after classes for doing ones homework, and having long conversations with friendly staff and psychologists do not help in this case. It happens because most of the whole time a person spends at home with ones parents. Not doing ones homework, coming late for school, dropping out of it or getting expelled play a great role in destroying ones life. Juvenile detention centers are one of the first steps when young adults can still turn back to the previous life and try to improve its status. Still correctional facility for young people does an outstanding job in certain cases. This is explained by the fact that it is still possible to show young adults the correct way of living before they go to prison for adults and more mature inmates. Safety and Precautions Among various crime educational prevention programs are public safety, safety in the city, at home, and alcohol and drug awareness. This fact is found in the Handbook for Campus Safety and Security Reporting (2011). Crime Prevention and Awareness provide various programs to all kinds of audiences including students and staff. Taking into account various students and residential assistants requests, the programs are built up to make the lives within the community easier and reduce the crime level everywhere. The specific needs are aimed at different kinds of audiences who are in desperate need of their safety. These individuals try to avoid unsafe situations and often resort to Public Safety service. Visiting sessions last about one-and-a-half hours. In most cases, they are aimed at ensuring that teens are safe both at home and in public. Task Force on Community Preventative Services is amongst one of the main organizations in the country that provide recommendations in various supplements to the American Journal Preventative Medicine. The latter is fully involved in analyzing the juvenile and adult behavior and distinguishing certain patterns, which further lead to the crime commitment. These patterns are violence, obsessive behavior, hysterical demeanor and many others. Some of these patterns are innate while some of these individuals grow into during the whole time of their life. The point of studying and practicing this study is the transferring young people to adult correctional facilities where they become worse. This mean that it is next to impossible for these young people to go back to their previous lives where they were happy and free of grief, misfortune, and mourn. Statistics of Violent Crimes in the U.S. Across the nation, the law enforcement accounted for more than 12,196,959 arrests. Out of all these arrests, 521,196 were connected with violent crimes. More than 1,646,212 were crimes connected with property violations. However,the UCR Program holds no collection information concerning the citations of traffic violations. The two-year arrest trend depicts the change in violent crimes 1.8% in 2012 in comparison to 2011 arrests. At the same time, arrests connected with property crimes increased by 0.3% in comparison to arrests made in 2011. Juvenile arrests connected with all kinds of offenses dropped to 10.4% in 2012. The adult arrests declined up to 0.9%. The following data was collected from The FBI official government website (2011). The statistics shows that overall 33.7% of youth offenders are transferred to adult prisons while they can still stay at youth correctional facilities and various detention centers. Task Forces findings just provide a clear and vivid picture of the way these people go and the lives that they live. Such harsh policy is considered by many to be undesirable and unwanted apart from being unjust. Sadly, the policy was adopted by the United States correctional system between 1975 and 2000. Still, in the 1970s, many public officials and prison administrative representatives were witnesses of unlawful treatment and strongly opposed to the policy. This factor contributed to the policys postponement and its further practice and adoption. The two organizations that mainly opposed to the policy were Juvenile Justice Standards Commission and Juridical Administration Commission. History of the Correctional Facility System Development Prior to the year 1980, the points of view and a notion that adult correctional facility is better than one for young people was mainly shared by the majority of the whole population. Moreover, it was shared by the young people too. Most of them could not wait to become strong, independent, and tough. When it comes to doing time and facing the reality, many young people regret their desires and preliminary and unthinkable cravings for something they consider being modest and honorable. Nevertheless, time works only in one direction, and it is always impossible to turn it back. That is why nowadays many individuals do not share this point of view and do not consider adult correctional facilities to be more useful in terms of improving the younger generation to the better. Several years ago, many politicians believed that citizens became more punitive toward criminals. The majority of them demonstrated willingness by adopting policies, which expressed much greater punitiveness and vindictiveness. One of the most striking characteristics of the American juveniles recent policies was longing for punitiveness. A law, which reduces the age of adult court jurisdiction from 18 to 17 or 16, exposes hundreds of thousands of young individuals to adult courts. The latter depends on a states population. .fod-banner { display: table; width: 100%; height: 100px; background-color: #04b5af; background-image: url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-1.png'), url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-2.png'); background-position: left center, right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } .fod-banner .button { min-width: 120px; } .fod-banner-content { height: 100px; display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; color: #ffffff; width: 100%; text-align: center; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; } .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 15px; font-weight: 100; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 16px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 18px; color: #ffe98f; font-weight: bold; } .fod-banner-content-image { vertical-align: middle; } .fod-banner img.fod-banner-content-image { width: auto; } @media all and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1320px) { .fod-banner { background-image: none; } } @media all and (min-width: 845px) and (max-width: 992px) { .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 18px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 20px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 24px; } } @media all and (max-width: 740px) { .fod-banner { background-image: url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-2.png'); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } } @media all and (max-width: 670px) { .fod-banner { background-image: none; } .fod-banner-content { padding: 15px 10px; } .fod-banner img, .fod-banner-content-discount-text { display: block; margin: 0 auto; } .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 28px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 20px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 24px; } } Limited time offer! Get 15% OFF your first order Order now However, the result should not be very surprising. Individuals that receive harsher handling in general and prison sentences in particular might be expected to be damaged in many different respects. These respects foreseeable reduce their life chances in certain ways associated with much higher prospects of future criminality. They include increased self-identification, stigmatization, and socialization into certain deviant values from other offenders exposure. Also, the respects include normal features disruption and prosocial development trajectories (e.g. work and family relationships.) Foreseeable harms to offenders (along with future law-abidingness) suggest that harsh treatment needs to be kept to a bare minimum in relation to young people. Task Forces juvenile justice policy implications and recommendations are straightforward. States now setting adult court jurisdiction at the age of 18 must keep it. Other states are in a desperate need to changes their laws concerning young adults, leaving the age barrier at the age of 18 or even lifting it up to 21. All laws that are connected with automatic jurisdiction in adult courts for young individuals under the age of 18 charged with designated heinous crimes must be repealed. Laws, which permit case-by-case transfer by prosecutors or judges, must be re-examined. This has to be done to make sure that the officials permit transfers only in cases not amendable to juvenile court handlings. This idea was clearly explained and stated by Michael Tonry in his educational journal article Treating Juveniles as Adult Criminals: An Iatrogenic Violence Prevention Strategy if Ever There Was One (2007). The core of report finding transferring increases towards future violence rates is not very likely to apply just to people under the age of 18. The transition towards adulthood appears to be a developmental phenomenon. It varies widely from person to person. People are mature at different rates and different times in respect of various capacities. One-size fits all policies. It inevitably produces different anomalies, various injustices and certain unwanted side effects: recurrence of the committed crime, increased violent re-offending, etc. Systems have to be put in place for accommodation the transitions into adulthood. New York for a long time has had special policies and programs. Its institutions permitted individualized treatment of young offenders of age 19 to 25. Certain states even blended overlapping jurisdiction between the courts of adults and juveniles. Some courts in Germany allow judges to sentence people of age 18 to 20 if they are juvenile delinquents under the age o f 18. Conclusion Long time ago, it was one of the most important lessons drawn from the reports of the Task Force. According to their opinion, juvenile delinquents transfer to adult courts did more harm to them than all kinds of crimes they have ever committed. It was made through their life chances reductions through society in general and through the elevated future violence rates. Edwin Schurs Radical Nonintervention started the prevailing views long before the quite recent juvenile justice policys politicization started. Pretty soon it became known as a universal truth by the majority that intervention of the whole juvenile justice system into the world of young peoples lives does only harm to them. A young person must have a chance in life to be fully aware of all his/her actions and failed attempts. The only way to succeed in life is to learn from ones mistakes. Although, for some people, these mistakes are general stuff, for other individuals it is basically ruining their life and ending up on the pavement of this life. Thus, unspeakably it is undoubtedly and without a question a concept and philosophy of the everyday life: if one treats other people like criminals, it is exactly what these people will become in the nearest future. Another conclusion that can be drawn from everything above said is that pretty often adult people do not know the world their children live in. Often adults intervention and strict treatment does more harm than good to young people through the stigma it attached to these persons in others eyes. Sometimes, the same happens because of the enhancement of deviant self-conception. Both cases should be fully examined in order to help young people avoid going to prison and stay away from for as long as it is possible.

Critical Mass

Critical Mass Among the newest buzz words being used by business advisers is critical mass. Entrepreneurs are being told to work towards critical mass, or companies are claiming to have reached critical mass. What does it mean? How does it help a company? Should your company be working toward critical mass? © Shutterstock.com | LightspringThis article will examine 1)the definition of critical mass, 2) how to achieve critical mass, 3) signs that your company may be ready for critical mass, 4) some important components of critical mass 5) business models where critical mass is vital and 6) critical mass in social media websites.DEFINING CRITICAL MASSIf the term critical mass sounds like it came straight out of a science fiction novel, you’d be right. Derived from nuclear physics, critical mass is a term used to represent the smallest mass of material that can sustain a nuclear reaction at a constant level. In business, it is used to denote a crucial stage in a company’s development where the business reaches a self-sustaining viability. This means that the company’s business is viable without the need for further investment.In other words, it may refer to the size a company needs to grow to, in order to compete in the market efficiently and continue to remain competitive. This size then also supports sustained growth and continue efficiency. This size may be determined by the number of staff, the amount of resources, revenue streams and total market share. A few or all of these elements may combine to help a company reach operational efficiency and become profitable at which point it is said to have reached critical mass.Companies attempt to achieve this critical mass through their business activities because it can make the difference between a thriving in a market versus just surviving. Critical mass is an ever changing target and not a constant one time only goal. This means that a smaller business that has aspirations to grow needs to reach this critical mass at its current size before it can grow bigger. Once this threshold is achieved, a new stage is reached with new targets and a new critical mass to achieve. Obviously, achieving critical mass does not happen on a prescribed timeline, and it can vary between companies â€" even if they are in the same i ndustry.Every company, however, should be working towards achieving this pivotal point in company growth. Before critical mass, the company is a fledgling business, struggling to make it from one month to the next. Once critical mass is reached, the company blossoms into a self-sufficient, revenue generating machine that will provide the entrepreneur with a wide range of financial options for the future.If reaching this ‘tipping point’ is so important, is it possible to know, in advance, the moment you’ll reach it? Absolutely. By working backward, any company can determine their critical mass point, and then begin working towards that point in earnest. To find the critical mass point, the company needs to determine the amount of revenue needed to make the business self-sustaining. That figure can then be translated into specific information for the company, which can lead to the right marketing activities needed to reach critical mass.HOW TO ACHIEVE CRITICAL MASSAs mentioned b riefly, critical mass is a desirable goal for any company that wants to create a long term, sustainable and scalable business. Once this critical mass is achieved in the company’s market environment, things can change drastically for the business. Effort and investment in marketing endeavors decreases substantially and in proportion to increase in sales and customer support. This ideal situation is not easy to achieve in most cases but some simple but important steps to take in this direction include:Work HardAs with most goals and targets, there is no quick fix, easy solution or magic formula to reach a critical mass target. Instead, the key to success is to work hard and make sure that sufficient effort is out into studying the market environment, target audience and other important aspects of the business.Know Your Target/MarketKnowing the target audience inside out is one of the most important factors for the success of any business and towards achieving critical mass. All the hard work and research into the market will be wasted if the effort is directed towards the wrong audience. This is why it is vital to know the market and the ideal customer inside out.Be CommittedIt is important to stay committed to the end goal, and not let go of research and wisdom in exchange for quick fixes that sound glamorous and easy to achieve. Critical mass cannot be achieved instantly in any case. Success is only possible for those who work hard, work smart and stay vigilant in the market.THE EVOLVING NATURE OF CRITICAL MASSOver the years, the definition of the point where critical mass has been achieved has continued to change and evolve. The challenge is to keep updated with current definitions and recognize the point where the business has reached a self-sustaining and stable state.In the last ten years, the point of critical mass and how it is defined has continued to change drastically. Before this, things were simpler to grasp. A cash-flow positive business meant t hat critical mass had been achieved. But as the nature of businesses changed with the arrival of companies like Facebook and Twitter, critical mass was declared with no revenue but by a count of the millions of users who help a company achieve market worth billions of dollars.Most often, it is a good idea to keep a balanced approach to targets and evaluate both traditional and newer measurements for critical mass. Some of these indicators include:Positive Cash FlowThis has been the most widely used indicator for measuring a company’s achievement of critical mass. When there is a positive cash flow, the company has profits that can either be saved or reinvested into the business. In addition new avenues for growth can be explored without the business going through a difficult time.Healthy Margins and RevenueThough specific profit margins and revenue are dependent on a company’s business model, critical mass is often seen to be achieved when certain levels for these two indicators are met.Low Customer Churn and Employee TurnoverA profitable company is only possible when there is optimal productivity. This cannot be achieved if either the customer or the employees keep leaving the company. There are costs associated with both new employees and new customers. A new employee needs to be trained and there is a certain period of time before they begin to be productive. With customers, an established set of customers may give the company more business and less money needs to be spent on costly marketing activities and more concentration can be on customer service and support.Widespread Brand EngagementIn today’s connected world, customers want to feel involved in the brand. They want to know the story behind the company and how it operates. The brand then needs to have an established interactivity, visibility and credibility with current and potential customers. A widely recognized level of engagement can spread virally and can in itself mean critical mass or ca n feed into other, more traditional indicators of critical mass such as positive cash flows.Essentially, every business is like an investment that accrues compound interest over a period of time. The level of brand recognition, employee involvement, network, quality of product or service and customer loyalty and engagement all gather the momentum needed over time to help the business acquire critical mass. Once again, it is important to stress that there is no opportunity for the business to sit back and relax once a critical mass level is achieved. Instead, the next order of business is to make this critical mass sustainable and scale the business.IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF CRITICAL MASSMeasurable GoalsA popular motivational quote reads “Shoot for the moon. Even if you miss, you’ll land among the stars.” The intention of this quote is to inspire the reader to aim big, and may motivate someone to continue pressing on towards their goal. In reaching critical mass, however, missing that target revenue stream is the difference between future growth and frustration. To ensure that critical mass is achieved, the entrepreneur must have measurable goals.These goals can be as simple as determining the monthly revenue needed to be self-sufficient, or as complex as determining the number of new clients each salesperson needs to engage. Finding the tipping point of critical mass is based on this goal; missing it means missing the critical mass stage.Once the goal has been identified, there must be a constant recognition of the progress towards the goal. A hand-drawn target that is filled in as the goal grows near can be enough to keep people pressing towards the finish line. Celebrate each client or sale that brings the company closer to critical mass and encourage the employees to cheer each other on as well. Not only will it help motivate them, it helps to generate excitement as the tipping point draws near.Early AdoptersOften overlooked, one of the important indica tors of a company’s preparation for critical mass is the strength of its early adopters. There are always the innovators â€" the people who will jump on board a company simply because it’s new â€" but the early adopters are the primary customers who choose your company because they believe in what you do. These customers are the ones who can be the most aggravating, the most exhausting and the most insightful. Due to their early belief and excitement about a company, they will often think nothing of communicating their displeasure over a product, detailing the ways customer service can be improved or telling everyone they know about the amazing new service or product they found. It is through the influence of early adopters that many of the large scale investors will decide to sign on with a company. By capitalizing on the unique relationship early adopters have with your company, reaching critical mass can happen quickly.BUSINESS MODELS WHERE CRITICAL MASS IS VITALCritical mass is an important milestone for any company. There are some companies, however, that must reach critical mass as quickly as possible in order to be successful.Social NetworksThe advent of social networks changed the game for critical mass. Prior to the development of social media, critical mass was easily determined through mathematical equations: Necessary monthly revenue divided by customer costs equals critical mass point. Suddenly, however, social media redefined critical mass as a number of followers. They counted on millions of users to generate market values â€" and their plan worked. As social networks continue to develop, the principle is the same: high numbers of users will equal critical mass. This can be difficult to achieve and in many ways is more difficult than the traditional critical mass process of becoming cash-flow positive. There is a race to establish followers that convert to users, and who then become product evangelists who broadcast their usage to others.Mar ket PlacesThese relatively new forms of business use a similar approach to critical mass; they rely on users to generate more users, which can tip the company into critical mass. The marketplace business can struggle: without products to sell, customers won’t be interested; without customers it can be difficult to get products. Once the company has established how to generate attention, the company must begin finding (and keeping) users to maintain their trek towards critical mass.Business Models with High Fixed CostsWhen a niche market wants to generate additional revenue, they are often faced with a dilemma: high fixed costs limit the customers who are inclined to use their services. This creates a situation where reaching critical mass is extremely important, and extremely difficult. An example of this situation can be seen in the airline industry. The fixed costs of air travel are high, and the recent influx of budget travel services that offer low price airline tickets has a negative effect on the airline trying to reach critical mass. Balancing the fixed costs of air travel with ticket prices can be difficult, and prevent a company from easily reaching the tipping point into self-sufficiency.CRITICAL MASS IN SOCIAL MEDIA WEBSITESIn the context of new media such as Facebook, Twitter or Instagram, the term critical mass has unique implications. Often in the absence of a traditional revenue and profit model, these websites rely on what is a called a critical mass of users to act as an indicator of success. This critical mass is achieved when users encourage each other to join and the website’s popularity increases as more and more people join it. Once a critical mass is achieved, the company looks to ways to monetize this critical mass.This critical mass is not one solution that can be applied across the board on all social media platforms or similar websites. Instead, it depends on the type of network in question and the number of users needed to make this network engaging and useful to the wider audience. In addition, people go through phases in their use of these platforms. This means that when there isn’t enough content or enough people on the platform for it to be engaging, they remain passive while a later phase may see them as active users who are creating content themselves. A threshold point between these phases may be the observation point for critical mass.LinkedIn Growth Has Reached Critical Mass: Jeff Weiner FacebookIf one considers the example of Facebook, a similar situation occurred. The website began dominating smaller spaces such as one college at first, followed by a network of colleges. Eventually they were able to collect these smaller spaces into a larger population. Facebook began as a connecting platform for Harvard students. When it proved popular, the service was extended to other colleges starting with Stanford, Yale and Columbia. Every user needed to have a .edu email address to join. At the end of th e first year, 1 million people signed up. By 2005, there were 800 colleges registered and access was given to international educational institutions. By 2006, there were over 14 million registered users. At the end of this year, access was granted to the general public but with privacy settings not employed by competitors at that point. For the first 36 months, Facebook had no revenue streams and the focus was on growing this user base. By 2007, the company introduced Facebook gifts, Facebook Marketplace and Facebook ads. By September 2008, Facebook was estimated to be earning $350 million from advertising and $35 million from gifts. Essentially, after building a first critical mass of users, the company then set out to monetize this base. A second such step occurred with the Facebook IPO. The IPO was held in September 2012, the biggest in technology and one of the biggest in internet history. The company waited for a critical mass to be achieved before taking this step.Understandin g critical mass and how it can be used in a company’s business goals is important in the development of a corporate strategy. It provides structure for the company as it works towards this milestone, and offers weary entrepreneurs, leaders and managers the hope for success in the future.

Abraham Lincoln, Slavery and the American Civil War Essay

This investigation will analyze how Abraham Lincolns view on slavery reflected during and after the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865. To analyze exactly how Lincolns position on slavery affected the war overall, this investigation looks at Lincolns moral and religious views as well as his social and political views. Two main sources were used, both dealing with events relevant to his political career and his roots in his career and other important issues including slavery. Lincoln by David Herbert Donald tells a deep and detailed story on all aspects of his life and career. Abraham Lincoln and the Union deals with his struggle towards Union victory. Both Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln and the Union will be evaluated for their values,†¦show more content†¦Others suggested he take a softer position on slavery he responded forcefully with these words: â€Å"Let there be no compromise on the question of extending slavery.† Lincoln had a firm position and didnt deviate f rom it: every time a slave bill was passed, he proceeded to vote against the spread of slavery. The separation between North and South revolved around this â€Å"peculiar institution.† In the South, Slavery was used heavily in the economy. Lincoln said that Slavery and abolitionists cannot coexist if there were to be a Union. This â€Å"house,† or Union collapsed quickly. The Souths secession was the main concern with Lincoln in office. The idea of a split was horrifying and to keep the Union and to defend the Constitution was Lincolns first priority. It had come to his attention that freeing the slaves had to be done in late 1862. At the time Abraham Lincoln was known as President Lincoln and Commander in Chief. In January of 1863, Lincoln gave an executive order known as the Emancipation Proclamation as a necessary action of war. Using his elevated power, he addressed the shortcomings of Congress, who couldnt effectively control slavery, and declared all â€Å"per sons held as slaves... shall not then be practically recognized [as slaves ... but are] forever... free.† The Emancipation Proclamation went beyond the attempts of Congress to control slavery as in the Second Confiscation Act of 1862. Some direct effectsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Abraham Lincoln - the Greatest President1069 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln There have been forty four U.S. presidents over the past two hundred and twenty years. What president has served the best for our country? None other than Abraham Lincoln. 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Anti-competitive activity in the single market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2895 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Title: Discuss the effectiveness of Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty in preventing distortions to the operation of the single market ANSWER In The Wealth of Nations [1], published in 1776, Adam Smith reasoned that countries should strive towards the economic goal of a perfectly free market. He argued that a market undistorted by impediments and barriers to the free play of trade would allow the most efficient and successful producers to perform at an optimum capacity and produce substantial economic benefits for all participants in the market, and he stressed that such benefits could not be obtained in markets where competitive conditions had not been optimised. The European Union adopted this theory from its inception in the 1950s in the form of the European Economic Community. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Anti-competitive activity in the single market" essay for you Create order The competition law provisions of the Treaty of Rome[2] have always been fundamental to the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s philosophy and drive towards the integration and refinement of the national economies of its member states and thus of the combined economy of the Single Market, which grew out of the Common Market when the EU itself was established by the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) in 1992.[3] The main competition law rules, which are now to be found in Articles 81 and 82 EC[4] are directed at controlling the behaviour of private firms. These articles will be explained and discussed in turn. Article 81 EC: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Community Cartel Busterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ It is obvious that a market is likely to be distorted if undertakings which under normal, healthy competitive conditions should be operating in competition with one another choose instead to cooperate with each other in order to manipulate the market in their favour. This form of cooperati on inevitably causes laxity and weaknesses in the flux of trade which negatively affects the market as a whole serves to impact on the interests of consumers served by the market. Consequently the European Union maintains a comprehensive prohibition on such cooperative activity in the form of Article 81. This Article is assiduously enforced and swingeing penalties can and are imposed on companies found to infringe it. The text of Article 81(1) states as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The following shall be prohibited as incompatible with the common market: all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between Member States and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market, and in particular those which: a) directly or indirectly fix purchase or selling prices or any other trading conditions; b) limit or control production, mar kets, technical development, or investment; c) share markets or sources of supply; d) apply dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage; e) make the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Following from this wide-ranging and far-reaching clause, Article 81(2) provides that any agreements or decisions covered are automatically void. Of course, a provision is only as effective as its practical interpretation and application.. Consonant with the overarching objectives of the European Union of market integration and efficiency, the European Court of Justice has consistently shown itself prepared to interpret the essential concepts and terms of Article 81 with full contextual and purposive force. This interpre tative policy has been adopted so as to lend the provision the greatest possible scope and utility in its role as a guardian of market competitiveness. The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“undertakingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is for example, central to the application of the provision. It is left undefined in the Treaty but the European Court has chosen to interpret the word in the widest conceivable sense to embrace à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“any legal or natural person engaged in some form of commercial or economic activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : Commercial Solvents Corp v Commission.[5] Many different forms of entity have been deemed to constitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"undertakingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for the purposes of the provision, hence allowing its application. These include public undertakings where they are found to participate in commercial activity as in the case Bodson v Pompes Funebres des Regions Liberees[6]. Partnerships were also found covered by the term in Commission Decision (73/323) Re William Prym-Werk e[7]. Interestingly, economically active individuals including for example an opera singer in Re Unitel[8] and an inventor in AOIP/Beyrard[9] have also been ruled to qualify as undertakings. Moreover, in circumstances where such act in a commercial or quasi-commercial endeavour even non-profit making organisations and charitable organisations can be held to constitute undertakings: see Commission Decision GVL.[10] The scope and power of Article 81 can be underlined by the fact that due to the European Court of Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s application of the principle of extraterritoriality, even companies based exclusively outside the European Union and its Single Market can be brought to book under the competition provision if their activity falls within Article 81 and it has an anti-competitive impact on the flux of trade within the Community. The Ahlstrom (Wood Pulp)[11] case involved companies based in Scandinavia (which at the time of the litigation was still outside the EU) and North America that had conspired to manipulate prices for wood pulp which had artificially influenced the EU market. The Commission initiated Article 81 action against the companies and the European Court found against them, grounding its jurisdiction on the location of the effect of the behaviour of the companies and not on the location of the companies themselves. The Article 81 provision that agreements must be between undertakings is also very generously interpreted and applied so as to give full expansive force to the prohibition. It is submitted that the only situation in which the Court of Justice will typically refrain from acting against companies in a cooperative relationship is where those companies are in a parent-subsidiary situation. The reason for this is that such companies to all intents and purposes combine to comprise a single economic unit and therefore no competitive relationship would usually exist to be compromised in the first place. An example can be found in Centrafarm BV v Sterling Drug Inc[12]. In similar fashion, the effectiveness of Article 81 has been ensured by the Court of Justice by its definition of the central concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“agreementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as between undertakings. In the case of ACF Chemiefarma NV v EC Commission[13], for example, the Court expressly stated that even a so-called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"gentlemanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s understandingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ between competitive companies would justify prohibitive sanction if it was found to amount to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the faithful expression of the joint intention of the parties to the agreement with regard to their conduct in the Common Market.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  As for the concept of agreement itself, the utility and efficacy of the prohibition is also maintained by the fact that the European Court does not concern itself with the distinction between vertical and horizontal agreements in its application of Article 81. Vertical agreements can be defined as those between undertakings at different levels of the market. Such an agreement might be made between a manufacturer and a wholesaler or retailer, and a tying or tied agreement is one example. On the other hand, a horizontal agreement is deemed to be those which are struck between undertakings operating at the same level of industry. Horizontal agreements therefore include those made between two manufacturers or two wholesalers in a market, and such arrangements might amount to, for example, price fixing. The point is that the Court is unconcerned with the differences between the two classes of agreement: both forms of cooperation are potentially anti-competitive and both are accordingly prohibited as detrimental to the free play of commerce in the Single Market. Article 81 also includes the concept of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"concerted practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This is clearly in place to allow the Court of Justice to rule against undertakings who attempt to avoid even th e loose interpretation of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"agreementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ by operating deliberately secretive, subtle and casual arrangements between themselves.. However, the efficacy of Article 81 is such that even this much less tangible species of collusion than agreements or decisions is caught by the provision. Cooperatieve Vereniging Suiker Unie UA Ors v EC Commission[14] is a leading case on the issue, where the court stressed that a concerted practice would be found where 3 elements are found to co-exist: 1. Coordination in some form must replace the independent action between undertakings; 2. Coordination must be maintained by some form of contact, be it direct or indirect; 3. The object of the coordination must be to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"remove in advance any uncertainty as to the future conduct of their competitorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. All of these concepts are very generously applied with the aim of promoting the effectiveness and reach of Article 81. Article 82 EC Article 82 operates in partnership with Article 81 in regulating the Single Market. As stated, Article 81 endeavours to promote effective competition in the Union marketplace by prohibiting multilateral coordination, anti-competitive agreements and other economic collusions between undertakings. Article 82 in turn provides a control mechanism applicable to the unilateral conduct of single firms that enjoy what is referred to as a dominant position in the markets in which they operate.. It is argued that this simple division of responsibility and scope lends a cogent symbiosis to the relationship between these two central provisions of EU competition law. Article 82 states as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Any abuse by one or more undertakings of a dominant position within the common market or in a substantial part of it shall be prohibited as incompatible with the common market in so far as it may affect trade between Member States.. Such abuse may, in particular, consist in a) directly or indirectly imposing unfair purchase or selling prices or other unfair trading conditions; b) limiting production, markets or technical development to the prejudice of consumers; c) applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage; d) making the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  There is a manifest justification for Article 82. If an ordinary competitive firm attempts to do business on unreasonable trading terms or charge excessively high prices for its goods in a competitive market, the market will react in such a way as to ensure that the firm simply loses business and is forced to reconsider its policies or fail. However, if the undertaking has a dominant position (an economically powerful position defined by market share) within the relevant market it may have the freedom to act in such a way as to manipulate the market to its own ends without being subject to a market reaction that causes it to change its harmful business practices. Article 82 is designed to deal with just this situation, and it is submitted that it does so effectively when employed. As has been observed, the key terms and concepts of Article 81 EC are augmented by teleological and contextual interpretation. Precisely the same policy is adopted by the European Court of Justice in relation to the fundamental terms of Article 82, and for precisely the same reasons of market integrity, integration and efficiency. As in the case of all prohibitions, the effectiveness of Article 82 should be measured by its application. Market dominance is measured once the Court of Justice has defined the so-called relevant product market, which will be the specific product range and specific area within the Single Market in which it is claimed that dominance is enjoyed by the undertaking in question. As Michelin v EC Commission[15] illustrated, a product market will be found to include any product which is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“equivalent to or interchangeable for the specific product being marketed by the dominant companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This test is fundamental to the efficacy of Article 82 for compelling tactical reasons. The ultimate size and scope of the product market defined will typically be the determining factor in whether a company is considered dominant within it, with all the entailed consequences of that finding.. The interests of the Single Market consumer are considered paramount by the European Court in this regard. Product interchangeability with other products is judged from the vantage point of the consumer, taking into account the characteristics, price and uses of the product in question. Article 82 litigation is won and lost on this technical aspect of the pr ohibition. Allegedly dominant undertakings seek to contend that broad consumer preferences and uses should be adopted, for the reason that this inevitably increases the size of the relevant product market and therefore dilutes the undertakingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dominance within it, making sanction under Article 92 less likely. On the other hand, the European Commission is usually at pains to argue that narrowly defined consumer preferences and uses should be adopted to reduce the size of the market for review and thus concentrate the undertakingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market power within it. The issue of product interchangeability therefore necessitates an investigation into whether the scrutinised product can be replaced by other goods that satisfy the same consumer uses, expectations and demands. As Europemballage Corp and Continental Can v EC Commission[16] illustrates, if a product can be substituted then the product under review is deemed to constitute part of a larger product m arket which includes all those products found to be freely interchangeable with each other. If, because of its individual characteristics, a product cannot be easily replaced or substituted by other goods, it is deemed to form a relevant product market on its own. Given the fact that the European Court of Justice habitually prefers interpretations of EC competition law that reinforce and underpin the power of the Treaty, it can come as no surprise that the Commission normally wins the argument on market definition.. As stated, narrow market definition means it is easier to find dominance which in turn means that Article 82 can be successfully applied in more cases. The seminal case of United Brands v Commission[17] saw the Court hold that the banana formed a product market all of its own, independent to that of other fresh fruit, because it was ruled that bananas had unique qualities that distinguished them from other fruit. Taking the perspective of the consumer, the Court found that the size, shape and softness of bananas made them particularly attractive to certain ends of the market, including the elderly and the very young (which share a distinct lack of teeth necessary for the consumption of firmer kinds of fruit.) EU Competition Law Sanctions The end product of any prohibitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effectiveness can be found in the sanctions that it imposes. It is submitted that Article 81 and 82 can certainly be deemed effective based on the penalties levied for their breach. Moreover, the European Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s commitment to the efficacy and enforcement of these competition provisions is also manifest on perusal of the penalties it has endorsed. Fines of up to ten per cent of annual turnover can be imposed in cases of breach of Articles 81 or 82. In light of the fact that many of the undertakings concerned are global enterprises with vast turnovers the penalties involved can and are often draconian in size. In Tetra Pak Rausing SA (II) v Commission[18] in 1991 a single fine of 75 mECU was levied against the Scandinavian-based carton board company. 1994 saw a total fine of 248 mECU was imposed on key members of the Cement Producersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Cartel[19] and the Austro-German car manufacturer Volkswagen suffered an individual penalty of 102 mECU for abuse of its dominant position in 1998.[20] Concluding Comments As has been discussed, Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty of Rome operate effectively and in symbiotic partnership to combat anti-competitive activity in the Single Market. These provisions are lent power and efficacy by the generous and purposive interpretative stance of the Court of Justice and the proactive attitude of the European Commission.. The terms of the Articles themselves are, it is submitted, about as comprehensive and effective as they could be. The enduring weakness of the EU competition enforcement regime, if there is one, lies not in the text of the legal framework but in the lack of resources, in terms of time and manpower, devoted to the policing of the market. THE END GLOBAL DOCUMENT WORD COUNT : 2840 (answer only 2695) I have allowed a small overrun because I decided it was appropriate to reproduce the text of Article 81 and 82 in the answer in extenso and these words should not be counted. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776) (Great Minds Series) (1991) Prometheus Books.. Steiner and Woods, Textbook on EC Law, (2003) Blackstone Press. Treaty establishing the European Economic Community: https://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html Tillotson and Foster, Text, Cases and Materials on European Union Law, (2003) Cavendish Publishing Kent, P., Law of the European Union, (2001) Longman Recent Guidance on Fining Policy, Spink, P., [1999] European Competition Law Review, 101-108 Cases as footnoted 1 Footnotes [1] Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776) (Great Minds Series) (1991) Prometheus Books. [2] See the consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community: https://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN..003301.html [3] See for further comment and elaboration: Textbook on EC Law, Steiner and Woods, (2003) Blackstone. [4] Previously Article 85 and 86 EC (the Treaty of Rome was renumbered by the Amsterdam Treaty). [5] Cases 6 7/73 [1974] ECR 233. [6] Case 30/87 [1988] ECR 2479. [7] 1973 OJ L296/24. [8] [1978] 3 CMLR 306. [9] (1976). [10] (1983). [11] Cases 89 125-129/85 [1993] 1 CEC 466. [12] Case 15/74 [1974] ECR 1147. [13] Case 41/69 [1970] ECR 661. [14] Cases 40-48 114/73 [1975] ECR 1663. [15] 322/81 [1983] ECR 3461. [16] 6/72 [1973] ECR 215. [17] C27/76 [1978] ECR 207. [18] T-51/89 [1991] 4 CMLR 334. [19] Decision 94/815 [1995] 1 CEC 2092. [20] Recent Guidance on Finin g Policy, Spink, P., [1999] European Competition Law Review, 101-108.

Worldview On Terrorism Terrorism - 1654 Words

worldview on terrorism. Unlike earlier before when terror groups were confined in their countries or particular region, the new form of terror signposted that they could perpetrate terror to the entire world. Evidently, from the recent past attack it’s apparent that their most suitable target is unarmed civilians. They also target the highest number of casualties possible so as to inflict fear and intimidations and consequently pass their propaganda. Modern terrorism can be analyzed focusing on issues such motivation, territorialism and individualism. Assumingly, it is apparent that terrorists are more motivated than ever. Unlike before, most terrorism activities carried out worldwide in the recent past are largely motivated by religion rather than political or economic objectives. Jihad teachers use religion as base of their teaching, and impose ideas to their students or followers (Mamdani, 2002). Their key motivation is religion. Other motivation to terrorism also exists such as politics among others though religious motivated tend to be more severe of all of them. Some time ago, most terrorism activities focused only on places or regions were their goals and objectives were confined. This form of terrorism was mainly homegrown or domestic. After realization of their objectives terror activities were ceased or declined gradually. Modern terrorism has no borders; it can be carried out virtually anywhere. It is more sophisticate d and systematized thus very severe. Its goalsShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Ever Increasing International Terrorism Threat635 Words   |  3 Pagesinternational terrorism which states that not even a superpower like America is immune from these attacks as the main objective behind this the mass destruction. Terrorism can be defined as the specific and deliberate use of violence against civilians in order to achieve political aims. 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Archaism - Definition and Examples

An archaism is a word or phrase (or a particular meaning of a word or phrase) that is no longer in common use and is considered extremely old-fashioned. Etymology:  From the Greek, ancient, beginning Pronunciation:  ARE-kay-i-zem Also Known  As:  lexical zombie A  grammatical archaism  is a sentence structure or word order thats no longer in common use in most dialects.   Linguist Tom McArthur notes that literary archaism occurs when a style is modeled on older works, so as to revive earlier practices or achieve the desired effect. (Source: Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language, 2005) Examples The old man raised the axe and split the head of John Joel Glanton to the thrapple.(Source: Cormac McCarthy, Blood Meridian, 1985)[Nick Faldo] speaks in a jaunty, clipped, wised-up vernacular, mixing street-smart patter with solid analysis. His vocabulary is rich in curious archaisms—jeepers, crumbs, gee—and eccentric asides.(Source: Jason Cowley, Nicks Second Coming. The Guardian, Oct. 1, 2006) 19th-Century Archaisms We do not have to go back as far as Elizabethan English or the Middle Ages to encounter archaisms. Here are some from the Victorian and Edwardian eras: beastly (as in so beastly critical) blest, deuced (if I know) capital! (as an exclamation of delight) very civil (of you) confound you! damnable cheek guvnor luncheon pray (come in) (you) rotter spiffing And might we not say that daddy-o is an archaism, even though it was alive and well in the 1960s? (Source: David Crystal, Words, Words, Words. Oxford University Press, 2006) 20th-Century Archaisms Among the technological archaisms Ive had to explain to the Tuned In children—what a record is, why they call it dialing a phone, the fact that, once, you couldnt rewind TV shows—is the fact that, a long time ago, musicians used to make little movies of their songs, and people would watch them on TV. (James Poniewozik, Wake Up and Smell the Cat Food in Your Bank Account. Time magazine, May 2, 2007) Stuff It is rather odd to see that the OED [Oxford English Dictionary] defines the word care as some kind of stuff. This seems at first glance to be a rather nonspecific definition to find in what is arguably the greatest dictionary ever created. But it is actually very specific—just a bit archaic. The word stuff has had a variety of meanings through the ages, and at the time that this definition was written, in 1888, it referred to (among other things) a woollen fabric or material for the gown worn by a junior counsel.(Source: Ammon Shea, Dated Definitions. The New York Times, Aug. 12, 2009) Archaisms and Register It should be added . . . that there is a problem with the identification of archaism, since archaisms are  sometimes not archaic in the register in which they are used. For example, thee and thou are not archaic forms in a certain type of poetic register; they are archaic only in relation to our contemporary day-to-day speech. Thus the use of an archaism can be interpreted as either conforming to a register or looking back to the past (or both). . . . Only by using a dictionary such as the OED, which is a historical dictionary, giving the meanings of words over time, will you be able to find out whether certain words were current or archaic at the time of writing.​  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(Source: Martin Montgomery et al.,  Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature, 3rd ed. Routledge, 2007) The Lighter Side of Archaisms Frank Rossitano: Yo Tray, we got a problem. Tracy Jordan as President Thomas Jefferson: Pray, who be this Tracy Jordan thou speakest of? Frank: Eh, President Jefferson, we got a problem. Tracy: Speaketh. Frank Rossitano: That horse ate your wig. Tracy: Well, stand guard by his rump and await it in his droppings.(Source: Judah Friedlander and Tracy Morgan in Corporate Crush. 30 Rock, 2007)